1 Tom J. Winnifrith: Badlands-Borderland: A History of Southern Albania/Northern Epirus. London 2003. On the geography, history and the ethnic composition of Epirus before the turmoil of the Balkan Wars: Panagiotis Aravantinos: Πεϱιγϱαφή τηϛ Ηπείϱου [Description of Epirus] 1–3. Ioannina 1984; Ioannis Lampridis: Ηπειϱωτιϰά Μελετηματα [Epirote Studies] 1–10. Athens 1887–1890; reprint Ioannina 1993.

2 Beginning in the second half of the sixteenth century, the Epirotans became impressively active in the Romanian space: Ariadna Camariano-Cioran: Contributions à l'Histoire des relations gréco-roumaines, Lépire et les Pays roumains. Ioannina 1984; Andronikos Falangas: “Ascension et stratégies sociales dans le Sud-Est Européen aux XVIe-XVIIe siècles. De quelques Épirotes anoblis dans les Pays roumains”. Interbalkanica. Rapports de Congrès. Athens 2006, 73–86.

3 See Basil J. Photos: Search for Liberty, An Autobiography. River Vale, New Jersey 2002.

4 See Miranda Vickers, James Pettifer: Albania: From Anarchy to Balkan Identity. New York 2000, 186–200.

5 Ibid., 207–208; Mark Mazower: “Three Forms of Political Justice: Greece 1944–1945” in idem (ed.): After the War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation, and State in Greece, 1943–1960. Princeton 2000, 24–6.

6 Max D. Peyfuss: Die Aromunische Frage: Ihre Entwicklung von den Ursprüngen bis zum Frieden von Bukarest (1913) und die Haltung Österreich-Ungarns. Vienna, Cologne, Graz 1974; Tom J. Winnifrith: The Vlachs: The History of a Balkan People. London 1987; Nicolas Trifon, Thede Kahl, Stamatis Beis: Les Aroumains, un peuple qui s'en va Paris 2005; Thede Kahl: Για την ταυτότητα των Βλάχων: Εθνοπολιτισμιϰέϛϛπϱοσεγγίσειϛ μιαϛ βαλϰανιϰήϛ παϱα-γματιϰότηταϛ [The Identity of the Vlach: Ethnocultural Approaches of a Balkan Reality]. Athens 2009.

7 Rae Dalven: The Jews of Ioannina. Philadelphia 1990.

8 About Hoxha's regime, Arshi Pipa: Albanian Stalinism. Boulder 1990; for a Greek-Albanian witness of the regime's brutality: Menas S. Paras (Pappas): Σαϱανταέξι χϱόνια στα ϰάτεϱγα τηϛ διϰτατοϱίαϛ του Εμβέϱ Χότζα (1945–1991) [Forty-six years in the forced labor camps of Enver Hoxha's dictatorship]. Athens 1997; see also the recent article of Nikolasos A. Stavrou: “Searching for a Brother Lost in Albania's Gulag”, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2 (2008), 47–81.

9 Ismail Kadare: Chronicle in Stone, ed. David Bellos, transl. Arshi Pipa, New York 2007, 273.

10 Ibid., 284, see also 120–121, 123, 127–128, 147–148.

11 Ibid., 187.

12 Ibid., 261 (“giaours” is italicized in Chronicle in Stone).

13 Ibid., 261.

14 Ibid., 163–164, see also 137, 143.

15 Ibid., 165.

16 Ibid., 168–169, see also 170, 203, 278.

17 Ibid., 164, 168.

18 Ibid., 164.

19 Ibid., 168.

20 Ibid., 164.

21 Ibid., 166–168.

22 Ibid., 165–166, 170–171.

23 Ibid., 165.

24 Ibid., 164, see also 21.

25 Constantinos N. Sathas: Ελληνιϰά ανέϰδοτα πεϱισυναχθέντα ϰαι εϰδιδόμενα [Greek inedited texts, collected and edited] I, Athens 1867; reprint Ibid. 1982, ι΄-ια΄ (=10–1), 4.

26 Ibid., θ΄-ιβ΄ (=9–12); Andronikos Falangas: “Μοϱφϛ Ηπειϱωτών στιϛ οϱυμανιϰέϛ χώϱεϛ ϰατά τον ύστεϱο Βαλϰανιϰό Μεσαίωνα” [“Epirotan Personalities in the Romanian Lands during the Later Balkan Middle Ages”], Dodone 33 (2004), 425 (n. 99).

27 Titos Jochalas: Über die Einwanderung der Albaner in Griechenland: Eine zusammenfassende Betrachtung. Munich 1971; Alain Ducellier: Οι Αλβανοί στην Ελλάδα, 13–15 αι.: Η μετανάστευση μίαϛ ϰοινότηταϛ [The Albanians in Greece, 13th–15th c.: The migration of a community]. Athens 1994.

28 See Angeliki Konstantakopoulou: H Η ελληνιϰή γλώσσα στα Βαλϰάνια 1750–1850, To τετϱάγλωσσο λεξιϰό του Δανιήλ Μοσχοπολίτη [The Greek language in the Balkans 1750–1850. The dictionary in four languages of Daniel Moschopolite]. Ioannina 1988.

29 Kadare, 19, 149, 255.

30 Ibid., 144.

31 Ibid., xii–xiii (introduction by D. Bellos).

32 Ibid., 163.

33 Ibid., 169, cf. 171, where the narrator refers to “the shameful behavior of Bufe Hasani”.

34 Supra, n. 29.

35 Ibid., 49, 50, 55–56.

36 Ibid., 187.

37 Ibid., 150.

38 Ibid., 172.

39 This idea is fully illustrated in the following passage from Samuel P. Orth: Our Foreigners, A Chronicle of Americans in the Making. New Haven, Toronto, London, Oxford 1920, 181–182: “Northern Italy is the home of the old masters in art and literature and of a new industrialism that is bringing renewed prosperity to Milan and Turin. Here the virile native stock has been strengthened with the blood of its northern neighbors. They are a capable, creative, conservative, reliable race. On the other hand, the hot temper of the South has been fed by an infusion of Greek and Saracen blood. In Sicily this strain shows at its worst. There the vendetta flourishes; and the Camorra and its sinister analogue, the Black Hand, but too realistically remind us that thousands of these swarthy criminals [I underscore] have found refuge in the dark alleys of our cities.” Consequently, the author concluded with the analogous statements: “The north Italians readily identify themselves with American life. […] In spite of his native sociability, the south Italian is very slow to take to American ways”: Ibid., 182–183; see also, Daniel J. Tichenor: Dividing Lines, The Politics of Immigration Control in America. Princeton, Oxford 2002, 78–80. About the social status and the ability to integrate “Dark Caucasoids” within American society during the period of the World War II: William Lloyd Warner and Leo Srole: The Social Systems of the American Ethnic Groups. New Haven, London, Oxford 1945, 284–96 (subchapter: Race, Culture, and American Subordinate Groups).

40 Kadare, 291.

41 Elsewhere, the narrator associates the eruption of witchcraft in his city just before the outbreak of war with the evil appearance of a “dark skinned” woman at the door of a local housewife: Ibid., 31.